COMPUTERS AND MORE

OSBORNE COMPUTER

A laptop computer, or simply laptop (also notebook computer, notebook and notepad) is a small mobile computer, which usually weighs 2-18 pounds (around 1 to 8 kilograms), depending on size, materials, and other factors.
Laptops usually run on a single main battery or from an external AC/DC adapter that charges the battery while also supplying power to the computer itself. Many computers also have a 3 volt cell to run the clock and other processes in the event of a power failure.
Laptops contain components that are similar to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption, although typically less powerful for the same price. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and most of them use different memory modules for their random access memory (RAM), for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse can usually be attached.
Contents
[hide]
1 Categories
1.1 Related devices
2 History
3 Parts
4 Disadvantages
4.1 Parts standardization and compatibility issues
4.2 Durability Issues
5 Advantages
6 Upgradeability
7 Performance
8 Health issues
9 Security
10 Major brands and manufacturers
11 See also
12 External links
13 References
//
[edit] Categories
Thin-and-light
Laptops weighing typically between 4 and 6 lb (1.8–2.7 kg) and a screen of 12 to 14 inches (30–35 cm) diagonally.
Mainstream
Laptops weighing between 5 and 7 lb (2.3–3.2 kg) with a screen size of 14.1 or 15.4 inches (35 or 39 cm) diagonally.
Desktop replacement computers
Powerful laptops meant to be mainly used in a fixed location and infrequently carried out due to their weight and size; the latter provides more space for powerful components and a big screen, usually measuring 17–20 inches (43–51 cm). Desktop replacements tend to have limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, because the hardware is not optimized for efficient power usage. Sometimes called a luggable laptop. An example of a desktop replacement computers are gaming notebooks, which are designed to handle 3D graphic-intensive processing for gamers.
[edit] Related devices
Laptops can be understood as a particular point on the continuum of more or less portable computing devices: the point at which the device is large enough to use substantially the same software as a desktop machine, but small enough to support mobile computing. Other points on the continuum include:
Transportable, also called portable computers
Computers which can easily be moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because they require AC power. The most famous example is the Osborne 1. A transportable, like a laptop, can run desktop software; but it does not support mobile computing.
Tablets
Computers shaped like slates or (paper) notebooks featuring touchscreen interfaces and a stylus, plus handwriting recognition software. As of 2007, the most common subcategory is the Tablet PC, which is essentially a laptop with a touchscreen. Some tablets have no keyboard, while others called "convertibles" have a screen that can be rotated 180 degrees and folded on top of the keyboard. Tablets may have limited functionality and not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most tasks that an ordinary laptop would be able to perform.
Internet tablets
Internet appliances in tablet form. An internet tablet supports mobile computing. Internet tablets usually use Linux and they are able to run some applications, but they cannot replace a general purpose computer. Internet tablets typically feature an MP3 and video player, web browser, chat application, and picture viewer.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Small computers, usually pocket-sized, usually with limited functionality. A PDA supports mobile computing, but almost never runs any desktop software.
Handheld computers
A high-end PDA or small tablet.
Smart phone
A hand held or PDA with an integrated cellphone.
Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the OQO UPC is a PDA-sized tablet PC; the Apple eMate had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The HP Omnibook line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called handheld computers. The hardware of the Nokia 770 internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the Zaurus 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it doesn't have PIM software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.


An opened Osborne 1 computer, ready for use. The keyboard sits on the inside of the lid.
[edit] History
Before laptop/notebook computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s.
The first commercially available portable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which used the CP/M operating system. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; however, only ten prototypes were built. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and importantly could be carried on a commercial aircraft. However, it was not possible to run the Osborne on batteries: it had to be plugged into mains.
In 1982 Kaypro introduced the Kaypro II, a CP/M-based competitor to the Osborne 1. The Kaypro II featured a display nearly twice as big as the Osborne's and double-sided floppy drives with twice the storage capacity.
A more enduring success was the Compaq Portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which time the IBM Personal Computer had become the standard platform. Although scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and also requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone (IBM's own later Portable Computer, which arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).
Another significant machine announced in 1981, although first sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. A simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD display with 4 lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 KB of RAM (expandable to 32 KB).
However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma display and 384 kibibyte bubble memory. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$8,000–10,000) limited it to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy (now RadioShack) Corporation.
The Ampere[1] a sleek clamshell design by Ryu Oosake also debuted in 1983. It offered a MC68008 microprocessor dedicated to running an APL interpreter residing in Read Only Memory.
Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCD displays, and could connect to optional external printers. The Dulmont Magnum, launched internationally in 1984, was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan, which used the Intel 80186 processor.[2]
The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20, and although at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who recognised its potential and marketed it respectively as the TRS-80 Model 100 line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, and NEC PC-8201.[3] The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to have been written in part by Bill Gates himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed less than 2 kg with dimensions of 30×21.5×4.5 centimeters (12×8½×1¾ in). Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 24 KB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook, but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a "portable" computer.
Possibly the first commercial IBM-compatible laptop was the Kaypro 2000, introduced in 1985. With its brushed aluminum clamshell case, it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops. It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD display, a detachable keyboard, and a pop-up 90 mm (3.5 inch) floppy drive.
Also among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986, and two Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run off lead-acid batteries. These also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted each time.
The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a Request For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major PC companies of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988. ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian original equipment manufacturer.
Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper as well, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, and as a ROM-based machine with a small display, can—like the TRS-80 Model 100—also be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant.
By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The NEC UltraLite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first notebook computer, weighing just over 2 kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2 mebibyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. The first notebook computers to include hard drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the end of that year. Truly the size of a notebook, they also featured grayscale backlit displays with CGA resolution.


The Macintosh Portable, Apple's first attempt at a battery-powered computer
The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). Unlike the Compaq LTE Laptop Released earlier in the year the Macintosh Portable was Actually a "luggable" not a laptop, but the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well.
The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, such as room for a palm rest, and the inclusion of a (a trackball). The following year, IBM released its ThinkPad 700C, featuring a similar design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).
Later PowerBooks introduced the first 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad, first 16-bit sound recording, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).
In 1994, IBM released RS/6000 N40 PowerPC laptop running AIX (Operating system based on UNIX), manufactured by Tadpole. Tadpole also manufactured laptops based on SPARC and DEC Alpha CPUs.
The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. It was the first time that Microsoft had placed much of the power management control in the operating system. Prior to this point each brand used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design. Windows 95 also ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM drive in mobile computing, and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive, the Solo was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) notebook computer, and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market. In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM ThinkPad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.


A 1997 Micron laptop
As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:
Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer.
Power-saving processors. While laptops in 1991 were limited to the 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL chipset. It was more integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher. It was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used the same architecture. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also used in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try to solve this problem with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the manufacturing process somewhat, and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU could be added to the chassis after it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations but ultimately could not maintain the appropriate speed and data integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector.
Improved liquid crystal displays, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs prone to heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By about 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the mainstream market in a big way; Dual STN and TFT. The Dual STN screens solved many of the viewing problems of STN at a very affordable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a significant cost advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer used in notebooks. Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor.
Improved storage technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that needed smaller, lower power consumption products. With continuing pressure to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) and other new laptops use Flash RAM (non volatile, non mechanical memory device) instead of the mechanical hard disk.
Improved connectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer. Many newer laptops are also available with built-in 3G Broadband wireless modems.
Other peripherals may include an integrated video camera and fingerprint sensor.
[edit] Parts


Hard disk from a Dell Latitude
Most modern laptops feature 12 inch (30 cm) or larger active matrix displays with resolutions of 1024×768 pixels and above, and have a PC Card (formerly PCMCIA) or ExpressCard expansion bay for expansion cards. Internal hard disks are physically smaller—2.5 inch (60 mm)—compared to the standard desktop 3.5 inch (90 mm) drive, and usually have lower performance and power consumption. Video and sound chips are usually integrated. This tends to limit the use of laptops for gaming and entertainment, two fields which have constantly escalating hardware demands.[citation needed] However, higher end laptops can come with dedicated graphics processors, such as the Dell Inspiron E1505 and E1705, which can be bought with an ATI Mobility Radeon X1300 or similar. These mobile graphics processors tend to have less performance than their desktop counterparts, but this is because they have been optimized for lower power usage.
There is a wide range of laptop specific processors available from Intel (Pentium M, Celeron, Intel Core and Intel Core 2) and from AMD (Athlon, Turion 64, and Sempron) and also from VIA (C3 and C7-M). Motorola and IBM developed and manufactured the chips for the former PowerPC-based Apple laptops (iBook and PowerBook). Generally, laptop processors are less powerful than their desktop counterparts, due to the need to save energy and reduce heat dissipation. However, the PowerPC G3 and G4 processor generations were able to offer almost the same performance as their desktop versions, limited mostly by other factors, such as the system bus bandwidth; recently, though, with the introduction of the G5s, they have been far outstripped. At one point, the Pismo G3, at up to 500 MHz, was faster than the fastest desktop G3 (then the B&W G3), which ran at 450 MHz.
Some parts for a modern laptop have no corresponding part in a desktop computer. For example, current models use lithium ion and more recently lithium polymer batteries, which have largely replaced the older nickel metal-hydride technology. Typical battery life for most laptops is two to five hours with light-duty use, but may drop to as little as one hour with intensive use. Batteries gradually deteriorate over time and eventually need to be replaced in one to five years, depending on the charging and discharging pattern.


A memory module removed from a high-performance Alienware laptop
Docking stations became another common laptop accessories in the early 1990s. They typically were quite large and offered 3.5" and 5.25" storage bays, one to three expansion slots (typically AT style), and a host of connectors. The mating between the laptop and docking station was typically through a large, high-speed, proprietary connector. The most common use was in a corporate computing environment where the company had standardized on a common network card and this same card was placed into the docking station. These stations were very large and quite expensive. As the need to additional storage and expansion slots became less critical because of the high integration inside the laptop itself, the emergence of the Port Replicator as a major accessory commenced. The Port Replicator was often a passive device that simply mated to the connectors on the back of the notebook and allowed the user to quickly connect their laptop so VGA, PS/2, RS-232, etc. devices were instantly attached. As higher speed ports like USB and Firewire became commonplace, the Port Replication was accomplished by a small cable connected to one of the USB 2.0 or FireWire ports on the notebooks. Wireless Port Replicators followed.
Virtually all laptops can be powered from an external AC converter. This device typically adds half a kilogram (1 lb) to the overall "transport weight" of the equipment.
A pointing stick or touchpad is used to control the position of the cursor on the screen. The pointing stick is usually a rubber dot that is located between the G, H and B keys on the laptop keyboard. To navigate the cursor, pressure is applied in the direction intended to move. The touchpad is touch-sensitive and the cursor can be navigated by moving the finger on the pad.
Intel, Asus, Compal, Quanta and other laptop manufacturers have created Common Building Block standard for laptop parts.
[edit] Disadvantages
[edit] Parts standardization and compatibility issues
Current compatibility problems in the laptop trade are reflective of the early era of personal computers, when there were many different manufacturers, each and every one of them having their own systems and incompatibility was more a norm. While there are accepted world standards of form factors for all the peripherals and add-in PC cards used in the desktop computers, there are still no firm worldwide standards relating to today's laptops' internal form factors, such as supply of electric voltage, motherboard layouts, internal adapters used in connecting the optical drive, LCD cable, keyboard and floppy drive to the main board. Most affected by this are users uneducated in the relevant fields, especially if they attempt to connect their laptops with incompatible hardware or power adapters.
Some parts, such as hard drives and memory are commodity items and are interchangeable. However, other parts such as motherboards, keyboards, and batteries are proprietary in design and are only interchangeable within a manufacters brand and/or model line.
A significant point to note is that the vast majority of laptops on the market are manufactured by a small handful of ODMs.[4] The ODM matters more than the OEM. Major relationships include:
Quanta sells to (among others) HP/Compaq, Dell, Toshiba, Sony, Fujitsu, Acer, NEC, Gateway and IBM - note that Quanta is currently (as of August, 2007) the largest manufacturer of notebook computers in the world
Compal sells to Toshiba, HP/Compaq, Acer, and Dell
Wistron sells to HP/Compaq, Dell, IBM, NEC, and Acer
Arima sells to HP/Compaq, NEC, and Dell
Uniwill/ECS sells to IBM, Fujitsu, and Dell
Asus sells to Apple (iBook), Sony, and Samsung
Inventec sells to HP/Compaq, Toshiba, and BenQ
[edit] Durability Issues
Due to their portablility and tight integration, laptops are more subject to wear and physical damage than desktops. Components such as batteries, screen hinges, power jacks, and power cords are commonly subject to deterioration due to ordinary use. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, which is rather minor mishap with a desktop system can damage costly components such as the motherboard or LCD panel. Dropping a laptop can damage the LCD screen if not break apart its body. The repair costs of a failed motherboard or LCD panel may exceed the purchase value of the laptop.
Some manufacturers have mitigated some of these problems by selling "ruggedized" laptops. These often have a special drain in the keyboard that safely routes all of the water out through a hole in the bottom of the case. Additionally, the bodies of these laptops are typically made of magnesium alloy instead of plastic, and hard drives are often braced to greatly increase their chances of surviving a waist-high fall.
[edit] Advantages
Mainly portability:
You can bring your laptop to the computer shop to repair.
One can use the same laptop in classroom and at home.
[edit] Upgradeability
Laptops' upgradeability is severely limited, both for technical and economic reasons. As of 2006, there is no industry-wide standard form factor for laptops. Each major laptop vendor pursues its own proprietary design and construction, with the result that laptops are difficult to upgrade and exhibit high repair costs. With few exceptions, laptop components can rarely be swapped between laptops of competing manufacturers, or even between laptops from the different product-lines of the same manufacturer. Standard feature peripherals (such as audio, video, USB, 1394, WiFi, Bluetooth) are generally integrated on the main PCB (motherboard), and thus upgrades often require using external ports, card slots, or wireless peripherals. Other components, such as RAM modules, hard drives, and batteries are typically user-upgradeable.
Many laptops have removable CPUs, although support for other CPUs is restricted to the specific models supported by the laptop motherboard. The socketed CPUs are perhaps for the manufacturer's convenience, rather than the end-user, as few manufacturers try new CPUs in last year's laptop model with an eye toward selling upgrades rather than new laptops. In many other laptops, the CPU is soldered and non-replaceable. [5]
Many laptops also include an internal MiniPCI slot, often occupied by a WiFi or Bluetooth card, but as with the CPU, the internal slot is often restricted in the range of cards that can be installed. The widespread adoption of USB mitigates I/O connectivity to a great degree, although the user must carry the USB peripheral as a separate item.
NVidia and ATI have proposed a standardized interface for laptop GPU upgrades (such as an MXM), but again, choices are limited compared to the desktop PCIe/AGP after-market.
In January 2007, Asus announced XG Station external video card for laptops. XG Station is connected to the laptops using USB-2 and Express card interface.
In February 2007, a new standard for external PCI Express cables and connectors was announced. Future laptops can be expanded using external PCI Express backplane and chassis.
[edit] Performance


A modern mid-range HP Laptop.
For a given price range (and manufacturing base), laptop computational power has traditionally trailed that of desktops. This is partly due to most laptops sharing RAM between the program memory and the graphics adapter. By virtue of their usage goals, laptops prioritize energy efficiency and compactness over absolute performance. Desktop computers and their modular components are built to fit much bigger standard enclosures, along with the expectation of AC line power. As such, energy efficiency and portability for desktops are secondary design goals compared to absolute performance.
For typical home (personal use) applications, where the computer spends the majority of its time sitting idle for the next user input, laptops of the thin-client type or larger are generally fast enough to achieve the required performance. 3D gaming, multimedia (video) encoding and playback, and analysis-packages (database, math, engineering, financial, etc.) are areas where desktops still offer the casual user a compelling advantage.
With the advent of dual-core processors and perpendicular recording, laptops are beginning to close the performance gap with desktops. Intel's Core 2 line of processors is efficient enough to be used in portable computers, and many manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo and Dell are building Core 2 based laptops. Also, many high end laptop computers feature mobility versions of graphics cards, eliminating the performance losses associated with integrated graphics.
[edit] Health issues


Laptop coaster preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow.
A study by State University of New York researchers says heat generated from laptops can significantly elevate the temperature of the scrotum, potentially putting sperm count at risk. The small study, which included little more than two dozen men ages 13 to 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can raise scrotum temperature by as much as 2.1 °C (3.8 °F). Heat from the laptop itself can raise the temperature by another 0.7 °C (1.4 °F), bringing the potential total increase to 2.8 °C (5.2 °F). However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects sterility in men. [6] A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk.
Heat from using laptop on lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs. [7]
Because of their small keyboard, the use of laptops can cause RSI, and for this reason laptops have docks that are used with ergonomic keyboards to prevent injury. Some health standards require that ergonomic keyboards be used in workplaces.
[edit] Security
Laptops are generally prized targets of theft, and theft of laptops can lead to more serious problems such as identity theft from stolen credit card numbers.[8] Most laptops have a Kensington security slot to chain the computer to a desk with a third party security cable. In addition to this, modern operating systems and software may have disk encryption functionality that renders the data on the laptop's hard drive unreadable without a key.
[edit] Major brands and manufacturers
Major brands
Acer - TravelMate, Extensa, Ferrari and Aspire
Apple - MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook Pro
BenQ - S61
Compaq - Evo, Armada, LTE, and Presario
Dell - Inspiron, Latitude, Precision, Vostro and XPS
Gateway
Hewlett-Packard - HP Pavilion, HP Omnibook, HP Compaq Notebooks
Lenovo - ThinkPad, IdeaPad, and 3000 series
Panasonic - Toughbook, Let's Note (available in Japan only)
Sony - VAIO: FJ Series, UX, TZ, NR, SZ, CR, FZ, and AR series
Toshiba - Dynabook, Equium, Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto
ODM brands
ASUS - Asus Eee, Lamborghini
Clevo
Compal Electronics
ECS
Gaming
Abbcore Technologies - Velocita
Alienware - Area 51m, Alienware Sentia and Aurora m
Falcon Northwest - DR6800, TL2
Vigor Gaming - Atlantis, Augustus, Artorius, and Aegis
Voodoo PC - Envy
Dell XPS - M1730 (laptop), and M1530 (laptop)
Other brands
Abbcore Technologies - Desktop, Notebook, Server, Media Center
Acorn Computers - Deskbook, Desknote and Solonote
AVADirect
Averatec
Everex
Fujitsu Siemens - Lifebook, FMV - BiBlo, Amilo
Gericom
HCL
Hypersonic
Hyundai
Jetta (electronics company) - Jetbook
LG - Xnote
LinuxCertified - Linux laptop
MDG Computers
Medion
Micro-Star International (MSI)
NEC - VERSA, LaVie
Neo - Empiriva, Endura
Packard Bell - EasyNote
Samsung - Sens
Seanix - Seanix
Sharp - Mebius
Zenith
Zepto
Wipro Technolgies

SUPER COMPUTERS

A supercomputer is a computer that is considered, or was considered at the time of its introduction, to be at the frontline in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term "Super Computing" was first used by New York World newspaper in 1929[1] to refer to large custom-built tabulators IBM made for Columbia University.
Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985–1990). Cray, himself, never used the word "supercomputer", a little-remembered fact is that he only recognized the word "computer". In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in a parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s "supercomputer market crash". Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience.

The Cray-2 was the world's fastest computer from 1985 to 1989.
The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today's supercomputer tends to become tomorrow's normal computer. CDC's early machines were simply very fast scalar processors, some ten times the speed of the fastest machines offered by other companies. In the 1970s most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor, and many of the newer players developed their own such processors at a lower price to enter the market. The early and mid-1980s saw machines with a modest number of vector processors working in parallel become the standard. Typical numbers of processors were in the range of four to sixteen. In the later 1980s and 1990s, attention turned from vector processors to massive parallel processing systems with thousands of "ordinary" CPUs, some being off the shelf units and others being custom designs. (This is commonly and humorously referred to as the attack of the killer micros in the industry.) Today, parallel designs are based on "off the shelf" server-class microprocessors, such as the PowerPC, Itanium, or x86-64, and most modern supercomputers are now highly-tuned computer clusters using commodity processors combined with custom interconnects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Software tools
2 Common uses
3 Hardware and software design
3.1 Supercomputer challenges, technologies
3.2 Processing techniques
3.3 Operating systems
3.4 Programming
4 Modern supercomputer architecture
5 Special-purpose supercomputers
6 The fastest supercomputers today
6.1 Measuring supercomputer speed
6.2 The Top500 list
6.3 Current fastest supercomputer system
6.4 Quasi-supercomputing
7 Research and development
8 Timeline of supercomputers
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
11.1 Information resources
11.2 Supercomputing centers, organizations
11.3 Specific machines, general-purpose
11.4 Specific machines, special-purpose
//

Software tools
Software tools for distributed processing include standard APIs such as MPI and PVM, and open source-based software solutions such as Beowulf, WareWulf and openMosix which facilitate the creation of a supercomputer from a collection of ordinary workstations or servers. Technology like ZeroConf (Rendezvous/Bonjour) can be used to create ad hoc computer clusters for specialized software such as Apple's Shake compositing application. An easy programming language for supercomputers remains an open research topic in computer science. Several free utilities that would once have cost several thousands of dollars are now completely free thanks to the open source community which often creates disruptive technology in this arena.

Common uses
Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate research (including research into global warming), molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion), cryptanalysis, and the like. Major universities, military agencies and scientific research laboratories are heavy users.
A particular class of problems, known as Grand Challenge problems, are problems whose full solution requires semi-infinite computing resources.
Relevant here is the distinction between capability computing and capacity computing, as defined by Graham et al. Capability computing is typically thought of as using the maximum computing power to solve a large problem in the shortest amount of time. Often a capability system is able to solve a problem of a size or complexity that no other computer can. Capacity computing in contrast is typically thought of as using efficient cost-effective computing power to solve somewhat large problems or many small problems or to prepare for a run on a capability system.
Hardware and software design


Processor board of a CRAY YMP vector computer
Supercomputers using custom CPUs traditionally gained their speed over conventional computers through the use of innovative designs that allow them to perform many tasks in parallel, as well as complex detail engineering. They tend to be specialized for certain types of computation, usually numerical calculations, and perform poorly at more general computing tasks. Their memory hierarchy is very carefully designed to ensure the processor is kept fed with data and instructions at all times—in fact, much of the performance difference between slower computers and supercomputers is due to the memory hierarchy. Their I/O systems tend to be designed to support high bandwidth, with latency less of an issue, because supercomputers are not used for transaction processing.
As with all highly parallel systems, Amdahl's law applies, and supercomputer designs devote great effort to eliminating software serialization, and using hardware to accelerate the remaining bottlenecks.
Supercomputer challenges, technologies
A supercomputer generates large amounts of heat and must be cooled. Cooling most supercomputers is a major HVAC problem.
Information cannot move faster than the speed of light between two parts of a supercomputer. For this reason, a supercomputer that is many meters across must have latencies between its components measured at least in the tens of nanoseconds. Seymour Cray's supercomputer designs attempted to keep cable runs as short as possible for this reason: hence the cylindrical shape of his Cray range of computers. In modern supercomputers built of many conventional CPUs running in parallel, latencies of 1-5 microseconds to send a message between CPUs are typical.
Supercomputers consume and produce massive amounts of data in a very short period of time. According to Ken Batcher, "A supercomputer is a device for turning compute-bound problems into I/O-bound problems." Much work on external storage bandwidth is needed to ensure that this information can be transferred quickly and stored/retrieved correctly.
Technologies developed for supercomputers include:
Vector processing
Liquid cooling
Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
Striped disks (the first instance of what was later called RAID)
Parallel filesystems
Processing techniques
Vector processing techniques were first developed for supercomputers and continue to be used in specialist high-performance applications. Vector processing techniques have trickled down to the mass market in DSP architectures and SIMD processing instructions for general-purpose computers.
Modern video game consoles in particular use SIMD extensively and this is the basis for some manufacturers' claim that their game machines are themselves supercomputers. Indeed, some graphics cards have the computing power of several TeraFLOPS. The applications to which this power can be applied was limited by the special-purpose nature of early video processing. As video processing has become more sophisticated, Graphics processing units (GPUs) have evolved to become more useful as general-purpose vector processors, and an entire computer science sub-discipline has arisen to exploit this capability: General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU.)
Operating systems


Supercomputers predominantly run some variant of Linux or UNIX. Linux has been the most popular operating system since 2004
Supercomputer operating systems, today most often variants of Linux or UNIX, are every bit as complex as those for smaller machines, if not more so. Their user interfaces tend to be less developed, however, as the OS developers have limited programming resources to spend on non-essential parts of the OS (i.e., parts not directly contributing to the optimal utilization of the machine's hardware). This stems from the fact that because these computers, often priced at millions of dollars, are sold to a very small market, their R&D budgets are often limited. (The advent of Unix and Linux allows reuse of conventional desktop software and user interfaces.)
Interestingly this has been a continuing trend throughout the supercomputer industry, with former technology leaders such as Silicon Graphics taking a back seat to such companies as NVIDIA, who have been able to produce cheap, feature-rich, high-performance, and innovative products due to the vast number of consumers driving their R&D.
Historically, until the early-to-mid-1980s, supercomputers usually sacrificed instruction set compatibility and code portability for performance (processing and memory access speed). For the most part, supercomputers to this time (unlike high-end mainframes) had vastly different operating systems. The Cray-1 alone had at least six different proprietary OSs largely unknown to the general computing community. Similarly different and incompatible vectorizing and parallelizing compilers for Fortran existed. This trend would have continued with the ETA-10 were it not for the initial instruction set compatibility between the Cray-1 and the Cray X-MP, and the adoption of UNIX operating system variants (such as Cray's Unicos and today's Linux.)
For this reason, in the future, the highest performance systems are likely to have a UNIX flavor but with incompatible system-unique features (especially for the highest-end systems at secure facilities).
Programming
The parallel architectures of supercomputers often dictate the use of special programming techniques to exploit their speed. Special-purpose Fortran compilers can often generate faster code than C or C++ compilers, so Fortran remains the language of choice for scientific programming, and hence for most programs run on supercomputers. To exploit the parallelism of supercomputers, programming environments such as PVM and MPI for loosely connected clusters and OpenMP for tightly coordinated shared memory machines are being used. Modern supercomputer architecture


The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center


The CPU Architecture Share of Top500 Rankings between 1998 and 2007: x86 family includes x86-64.
As of November 2006, the top ten supercomputers on the Top500 list (and indeed the bulk of the remainder of the list) have the same top-level architecture. Each of them is a cluster of MIMD multiprocessors, each processor of which is SIMD. The supercomputers vary radically with respect to the number of multiprocessors per cluster, the number of processors per multiprocessor, and the number of simultaneous instructions per SIMD processor. Within this hierarchy we have:
A computer cluster is a collection of computers that are highly interconnected via a high-speed network or switching fabric. Each computer runs under a separate instance of an Operating System (OS).
A multiprocessing computer is a computer, operating under a single OS and using more than one CPU, where the application-level software is indifferent to the number of processors. The processors share tasks using Symmetric multiprocessing(SMP) and Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA).
An SIMD processor executes the same instruction on more than one set of data at the same time. The processor could be a general purpose commodity processor or special-purpose vector processor. It could also be high performance processor or a low power processor.
As of November 2007 the fastest machine is Blue Gene/L. This machine is a cluster of 65,536 computers, each with two processors, each of which processes two data streams concurrently. By contrast, Columbia is a cluster of 20 machines, each with 512 processors, each of which processes two data streams concurrently.
As of 2005, Moore's Law and economies of scale are the dominant factors in supercomputer design: a single modern desktop PC is now more powerful than a 15-year old supercomputer, and the design concepts that allowed past supercomputers to out-perform contemporaneous desktop machines have now been incorporated into commodity PCs. Furthermore, the costs of chip development and production make it uneconomical to design custom chips for a small run and favor mass-produced chips that have enough demand to recoup the cost of production. A current model quad core Xeon workstation running at 2.66 GHz will outperform a multimillion dollar cray C90 supercomputer used in the early 1990s, lots of workloads requiring such a supercomputer in the 1990s can now be done on workstations costing less than 4000 US dollars.
Additionally, many problems carried out by supercomputers are particularly suitable for parallelization (in essence, splitting up into smaller parts to be worked on simultaneously) and, particularly, fairly coarse-grained parallelization that limits the amount of information that needs to be transferred between independent processing units. For this reason, traditional supercomputers can be replaced, for many applications, by "clusters" of computers of standard design which can be programmed to act as one large computer.
Special-purpose supercomputers
Special-purpose supercomputers are high-performance computing devices with a hardware architecture dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed FPGA chips or even custom VLSI chips, allowing higher price/performance ratios by sacrificing generality. They are used for applications such as astrophysics computation and brute-force codebreaking. Historically a new special-purpose supercomputer has occasionally been faster than the world's fastest general-purpose supercomputer, by some measure. For example, GRAPE-6 was faster than the Earth Simulator in 2002 for a particular special set of problems.
Examples of special-purpose supercomputers:
Deep Blue, for playing chess
Reconfigurable computing machines or parts of machines
GRAPE, for astrophysics and molecular dynamics
Deep Crack, for breaking the DES cipher
The fastest supercomputers today
Measuring supercomputer speed
The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in "FLOPS" (FLoating Point Operations Per Second), commonly used with an SI prefix such as tera-, combined into the shorthand "TFLOPS" (1012 FLOPS, pronounced teraflops), or peta-,combined into the shorthand "PFLOPS" (1015 FLOPS, pronounced petaflops.) This measurement is based on a particular benchmark which does LU decomposition of a large matrix. This mimics a class of real-world problems, but is significantly easier to compute than a majority of actual real-world problems.
The Top500 list
Main article: TOP500
Since 1993, the fastest supercomputers have been ranked on the Top500 list according to their LINPACK benchmark results. The list does not claim to be unbiased or definitive, but it is the best current definition of the "fastest" supercomputer available at any given time.
Current fastest supercomputer system


A BlueGene/P node card
As of November 2007, the IBM Blue Gene/L at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is the fastest operational supercomputer, with a sustained processing rate of 478.2 TFLOPS.[2]
On June 26, 2007, IBM unveiled Blue Gene/P, the second generation of the Blue Gene supercomputer. These computers can sustain one PFLOPS. IBM has announced that several customers will install these systems later in 2007. One of these is likely to become the fastest deployed supercomputer at that time. [1]
The MDGRAPE-3 supercomputer, which was completed in June 2006, reportedly reached one PFLOPS calculation speed, though it may not qualify as a general-purpose supercomputer as its specialized hardware is optimized for molecular dynamics simulations.[3] [4][5]
Quasi-supercomputing
Some types of large-scale distributed computing for embarrassingly parallel problems take the clustered supercomputing concept to an extreme.
One such example is the BOINC platform, a host for a number of distributed computing projects. On January 28th 2008, BOINC recorded a processing power of over 846.5 TFLOPS through 549,554 plus active computers on the network.[6] The largest project, SETI@home, reported processing power of 385.2 TFLOPS through 1,740,529 plus active computers.[7]
Another distributed computing project, Folding@home, reported nearly 1.3 PFLOPS of processing power in late September 2007. A little over 1 PFLOPS of this processing power is contributed by clients running on PlayStation 3 systems.[8]
GIMPS's distributed Mersenne Prime search achieves currently 27 TFLOPS (as of March 2008).
Google's search engine system may be faster with estimated total processing power of between 126 and 316 TFLOPS. The New York Times estimates that the Googleplex and its server farms contain 450,000 servers.[9]
Research and development
On September 9, 2006 the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) selected IBM to design and build the world's first supercomputer to use the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell B.E.) processor aiming to produce a machine capable of a sustained speed of up to 1,000 trillion calculations per second, or one PFLOPS. Another project in development by IBM is the Cyclops64 architecture, intended to create a "supercomputer on a chip".
In India, a project is under the leadership of Dr. Karmarkar is also developing a supercomputer that can reach one PFLOPS.[10]
CDAC is also building a supercomputer that can reach one PFLOPS by 2010.[11]
The NSF is funding a $200 million effort to develop a one petaFLOP supercomputer, called the Blue Waters Petascale Computing System. It is being built by the NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and is slated to be completed by 2011.[12]
Timeline of supercomputers
This is a list of the record-holders for fastest general-purpose supercomputer in the world, and the year each one set the record. For entries prior to 1993, this list refers to various sources[citation needed]. From 1993 to present, the list reflects the Top500 listing.
Year
Supercomputer
Peak speed
Location
1942
Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC)
30 OPS
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
TRE Heath Robinson
200 OPS
Bletchley Park
1944
Flowers Colossus
5 kOPS
Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill, UK
1946
UPenn ENIAC(before 1948+ modifications)
100 kOPS
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
1954
IBM NORC
67 kOPS
U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA
1956
MIT TX-0
83 kOPS
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
1958
IBM AN/FSQ-7
400 kOPS
25 U.S. Air Force sites across the continental USA and 1 site in Canada (52 computers)
1960
UNIVAC LARC
250 kFLOPS
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1961
IBM 7030 "Stretch"
1.2 MFLOPS
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA
1964
CDC 6600
3 MFLOPS
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1969
CDC 7600
36 MFLOPS
1974
CDC STAR-100
100 MFLOPS
1975
Burroughs ILLIAC IV
150 MFLOPS
NASA Ames Research Center, California, USA
1976
Cray-1
250 MFLOPS
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA (80+ sold worldwide)
1981
CDC Cyber 205
400 MFLOPS
(numerous sites worldwide)
1983
Cray X-MP/4
941 MFLOPS
Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Battelle; Boeing
1984
M-13
2.4 GFLOPS
Scientific Research Institute of Computer Complexes, Moscow, USSR
1985
Cray-2/8
3.9 GFLOPS
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1989
ETA10-G/8
10.3 GFLOPS
Florida State University, Florida, USA
1990
NEC SX-3/44R
23.2 GFLOPS
NEC Fuchu Plant, Fuchu, Japan
1993
Thinking Machines CM-5/1024
65.5 GFLOPS
Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Security Agency
Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel
124.50 GFLOPS
National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
Intel Paragon XP/S 140
143.40 GFLOPS
Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA
1994
Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel
170.40 GFLOPS
National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
1996
Hitachi SR2201/1024
220.4 GFLOPS
University of Tokyo, Japan
Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048
368.2 GFLOPS
Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
1997
Intel ASCI Red/9152
1.338 TFLOPS
Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA
1999
Intel ASCI Red/9632
2.3796 TFLOPS
2000
IBM ASCI White
7.226 TFLOPS
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
2002
NEC Earth Simulator
35.86 TFLOPS
Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama-shi, Japan
2004
IBM Blue Gene/L
70.72 TFLOPS
U.S. Department of Energy/IBM, USA
2005
136.8 TFLOPS
U.S. Department of Energy/U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
280.6 TFLOPS
2007
478.2 TFLOPS

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Meteor phonenumber@mymeteor.ie


Meteor phonenumber@sms.mymeteor.ie


Metrocall 10digitpagernumber@page.metrocall.com


Metrocall 2-way 10digitpagernumber@my2way.com


Metro PCS 10digitphonenumber@mymetropcs.com


Metro PCS 10digitphonenumber@metropcs.sms.us


Microcell phonenumber@fido.ca


Midwest Wireless phonenumber@clearlydigital.com


MiWorld phonenumber@m1.com.sg


Mobilecom PA 10digitpagernumber@page.mobilcom.net


Mobilecomm number@mobilecomm.net


Mobileone phonenumber@m1.com.sg


Mobilfone phonenumber@page.mobilfone.com


Mobility Bermuda phonenumber@ml.bm


Mobistar Belgium phonenumber@mobistar.be


Mobitel Tanzania phonenumber@sms.co.tz


Mobtel Srbija phonenumber@mobtel.co.yu


Morris Wireless 10digitpagernumber@beepone.net


Motient number@isp.com


Movistar number@correo.movistar.net


Mumbai BPL Mobile phonenumber@bplmobile.com


Mumbai Orange phonenumber@orangemail.co.in


NBTel number@wirefree.informe.ca


Netcom phonenumber@sms.netcom.no


Nextel 10digitphonenumber@messaging.nextel.com


Nextel 10digitphonenumber@page.nextel.com


Nextel 10digitphonenumber@nextel.com.br


NPI Wireless phonenumber@npiwireless.com


Ntelos number@pcs.ntelos.com


O2 name@o2.co.uk


O2 (M-mail) number@mmail.co.uk


Omnipoint number@omnipoint.com


Omnipoint 10digitphonenumber@omnipointpcs.com


One Connect Austria phonenumber@onemail.at


OnlineBeep 10digitphonenumber@onlinebeep.net


Optus Mobile phonenumber@optusmobile.com.au


Orange phonenumber@orange.net


Orange Mumbai phonenumber@orangemail.co.in


Orange - NL / Dutchtone phonenumber@sms.orange.nl


Oskar phonenumber@mujoskar.cz


P&T Luxembourg phonenumber@sms.luxgsm.lu


Pacific Bell phonenumber@pacbellpcs.net


PageMart 7digitpinnumber@pagemart.net


PageMart Advanced /2way 10digitpagernumber@airmessage.net


PageMart Canada 10digitpagernumber@pmcl.net


PageNet Canada phonenumber@pagegate.pagenet.ca


PageOne NorthWest 10digitnumber@page1nw.com


PCS One phonenumber@pcsone.net


Personal Communication sms@pcom.ru (number in subject line)


Pioneer / Enid Cellular phonenumber@msg.pioneerenidcellular.com


PlusGSM phonenumber@text.plusgsm.pl


Pondicherry BPL Mobile phonenumber@bplmobile.com


Powertel phonenumber@voicestream.net


Price Communications phonenumber@mobilecell1se.com


Primco number@primeco@textmsg.com


Primtel phonenumber@sms.primtel.ru


ProPage 7digitpagernumber@page.propage.net


Public Service Cellular phonenumber@sms.pscel.com


Qualcomm name@pager.qualcomm.com


Qwest 10digitphonenumber@qwestmp.com


RAM Page number@ram-page.com


Rogers AT&T Wireless phonenumber@pcs.rogers.com


Rogers Canada 10digitphonenumber@pcs.rogers.com


Safaricom phonenumber@safaricomsms.com


Satelindo GSM phonenumber@satelindogsm.com


Satellink 10digitpagernumber.pageme@satellink.net


SBC Ameritech Paging 10digitpagernumber@paging.acswireless.com


SCS-900 phonenumber@scs-900.ru


SFR France phonenumber@sfr.fr


Skytel Pagers 7digitpinnumber@skytel.com


Skytel Pagers number@email.skytel.com


Simple Freedom phonenumber@text.simplefreedom.net


Smart Telecom phonenumber@mysmart.mymobile.ph


Southern LINC 10digitphonenumber@page.southernlinc.com


Southwestern Bell number@email.swbw.com


Sprint 10digitphonenumber@sprintpaging.com


Sprint PCS 10digitphonenumber@messaging.sprintpcs.com


ST Paging pin@page.stpaging.com


SunCom number@tms.suncom.com


SunCom number@suncom1.com


Sunrise Mobile phonenumber@mysunrise.ch


Sunrise Mobile phonenumber@freesurf.ch


Surewest Communicaitons phonenumber@mobile.surewest.com


Swisscom phonenumber@bluewin.ch


T-Mobile 10digitphonenumber@tmomail.net


T-Mobile 10digitphonenumber@voicestream.net


T-Mobile Austria phonenumber@sms.t-mobile.at


T-Mobile Germany phonenumber@t-d1-sms.de


T-Mobile UK phonenumber@t-mobile.uk.net


Tamil Nadu BPL Mobile phonenumber@bplmobile.com


Tele2 Latvia phonenumber@sms.tele2.lv


Telefonica Movistar phonenumber@movistar.net


Telenor phonenumber@mobilpost.no


Teletouch 10digitpagernumber@pageme.teletouch.com


Telia Denmark phonenumber@gsm1800.telia.dk


Telus phonenumber@msg.telus.com


TIM 10digitphonenumber@timnet.com


Triton phonenumber@tms.suncom.com


TSR Wireless pagernumber@alphame.com


TSR Wireless pagernumber@beep.com


UMC phonenumber@sms.umc.com.ua


Unicel phonenumber@utext.com


Uraltel phonenumber@sms.uraltel.ru


US Cellular 10digitphonenumber@email.uscc.net


US Cellular 10digitphonenumber@uscc.textmsg.com


US West number@uswestdatamail.com


Uttar Pradesh Escotel phonenumber@escotelmobile.com


Verizon Pagers 10digitpagernumber@myairmail.com


Verizon PCS 10digitphonenumber@vtext.com


Verizon PCS 10digitphonenumber@myvzw.com


Vessotel phonenumber@pager.irkutsk.ru


Virgin Mobile phonenumber@vmobl.com


Virgin Mobile phonenumber@vxtras.com


Vodafone Italy number@sms.vodafone.it


Vodafone Japan phonenumber@c.vodafone.ne.jp


Vodafone Japan phonenumber@h.vodafone.ne.jp


Vodafone Japan phonenumber@t.vodafone.ne.jp


Vodafone Spain phonenumber@vodafone.es


Vodafone UK phonenumber@vodafone.net


VoiceStream / T-Mobile 10digitphonenumber@voicestream.net


WebLink Wiereless pagernumber@airmessage.net


WebLink Wiereless pagernumber@pagemart.net


West Central Wireless phonenumber@sms.wcc.net


Western Wireless phonenumber@cellularonewest.com


Wyndtell number@wyndtell.com

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